[198] Bravo Company destroyed a total of 119 enemy vehicles and took over 800 POWs by the end of combat operations. Iraqi missile barrages aimed at coalition targets stationed in Saudi Arabia were also largely unsuccessful, and on 24 February 1991, the coalition launched a major ground assault into Iraqi-occupied Kuwait. [160] The Iraqis continued probing operations against the Task Force for approximately two hours. President Mubarak of Egypt was furious with Saddam for his invasion of Kuwait, and for the fact that Saddam had assured Mubarak that an invasion was not his intention. Moreover, the change in the combined effect from one category to the next was significantly greater than the sum of the independent effects of the environmental exposure and the genotype". [293] Some say that depleted uranium is not a significant health hazard unless it is taken into the body. The 2nd Marine Division played a major role repelling the attempted Iraqi invasion of Saudi Arabia which is known as the Battle of Khafji. The US government refused to release its own study of the effects of the Iraqi public health crisis. would often encounter the Iraqi 3rd Armored Division in their theater of operations. The Canadian Task Group led the coalition's maritime logistics forces in the Persian Gulf. [238], Germany and Japan provided financial assistance[239] and donated military hardware, although they did not send direct military assistance. The US force destroyed military hardware and took prisoners, while suffering no casualties. Reporters were banned from witnessing the attack, near the neutral zone that touches the border between Saudi Arabia and Iraq. Kuwaiti democracy advocates had been calling for restoration of Parliament that the Emir had suspended in 1986. [121], Among many other means of influencing US opinion, such as distributing books on Iraqi atrocities to US soldiers deployed in the region, "Free Kuwait" T-shirts and speakers to college campuses, and dozens of video news releases to television stations, the firm arranged for an appearance before a group of members of the US Congress in which a young woman identifying herself as a nurse working in the Kuwait City hospital described Iraqi soldiers pulling babies out of incubators and letting them die on the floor. [169] The same day the 2nd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division with the 1st Battalion, 5th Cavalry, 1st Battalion, 32nd Armor, and the 1st Battalion, 8th Cavalry destroyed Iraqi bunkers and combat vehicles in the sector of the Iraqi 25th Infantry Division. [152] The 1st Squadron, 4th Armored Cavalry Regiment handled similar responsibilities in its sector of operations. A few combat sorties were flown against Iraqi ground forces. [153] 141 Infantry was assisted by the 1st Squadron, 4th Armored Cavalry Regiment. [237], Coalition members included Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, France, Greece, Honduras, Hungary, Italy, Kuwait, Malaysia, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America. "[260] The exact number of Iraqi combat casualties is unknown, but is believed to have been heavy. [297], Patrick Day Sloyan of Newsday reported, "Bradley Fighting Vehicles and Vulcan armored carriers straddled the trench lines and fired into the Iraqi soldiers as the tanks covered them with mounds of sand. Operation DESERT STORM remains one of the shortest and least costly of America's military victories. [190] The Tawakalna Republican Guard Division was Iraq's most powerful division which included approximately 14,000 soldiers, 220 T-72 tanks, 284 infantry fighting vehicles, 126 artillery pieces, and 18 MLRS. This came after the Kuwaiti government formally forgave the group. 145 soldiers died of exploding munitions or non-combat accidents. [citation needed]. With Iraqi forces reeling from the air campaign, the ground offensive began on 24 February and in less than 100 hours, dislodged Iraqi forces from . Researchers found that infants born to male veterans of the 1991 war had higher rates of two types of heart valve defects. [citation needed], Global Positioning System (GPS) units were relatively new at the time and were important in enabling coalition units to easily navigate across the desert. A Palestinian exodus from Kuwait took place during and after the Gulf War. "[151], Task Force 1-41 Infantry was a US Army heavy battalion task force from the 2nd Armored Division (Forward). [189] The U.S. Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II ground attack aircraft would distinguish itself during the Gulf War, inflicting significant damage on Iraqi ground forces. [citation needed], By 1988, at the end of the IranIraq war, the Iraqi Army was the world's fourth largest army, consisting of 955,000 standing soldiers and 650,000 paramilitary forces in the Popular Army. The Italian Air Force recorded the loss of a single aircraft in the gulf war. [43], The US remained officially neutral after Iraq's invasion of Iran in 1980, which became the IranIraq War, although it provided resources, political support, and some "non-military" aircraft to Iraq. Attacked With Bulldozers During War Ground Attack", "The gulf war: appendix: Iraqi death toll", Yemen's president flees for medical treatment as search for new leader begins, "Sanctions on Iraq: A Valid Anti-American Grievance? Local media outlets in cities across the USA screened similar oppositional media. [251] Scenes of burned and mutilated bodies were subsequently broadcast, and controversy arose over the bunker's status, with some stating that it was a civilian shelter, while others contended that it was a center of Iraqi military operations, and that the civilians had been deliberately moved there to act as human shields. It was also feared that if Israel used Syrian or Jordanian airspace to attack Iraq, they would intervene in the war on Iraq's side or attack Israel. Blake Stilwell. [340] Liberation of Kuwait (Arabic: ) (tarr al-kuwayt) is the term used by Kuwait and most of the coalition's Arab states, including Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Egypt, and the United Arab Emirates. [citation needed], On 15 March 1991, the US-led coalition restored to power Sheikh Jaber al-Ahmad al-Sabah, the unelected authoritarian ruler of Kuwait. Archived from the original on 1 November 2009. Aerial and ground combat was confined to Iraq, Kuwait, and areas straddling the IraqSaudi Arabia border. This publication, called the Riegle Report, summarized testimony this committee had received establishing that the U.S. had in the 1980s supplied Saddam Hussein with chemical and biological warfare technology, that Saddam had used such chemical weapons against Iran and his own native Kurds, and possibly against U.S. soldiers as well, plausibly contributing to the GWS. But repeated American statements last year made it apparent that America did not regard us as friends. Harboring this animosity and impressed with Baker's diplomatic initiative to visit Damascus (relations had been severed since the 1983 bombing of US Marine barracks in Beirut), Assad agreed to pledge up to 100,000 Syrian troops to the coalition effort. [citation needed], The U.S. Marine Corps was represented by the 1st Marine Division and the 2nd Marine Division. Somewhere around 6 million barrels (950,000m3) of oil were lost each day. The US military claimed a high effectiveness against Scuds at the time, but later analysis gives figures as low as 9%, with 45% of the 158 Patriot launches being against debris or false targets. [170] The two divisions also began capturing prisoners. Most of the coalition states used various names for their operations and the war's operational phases. Initially, Iraq ran the occupied territory under a puppet government known as the "Republic of Kuwait" before proceeding with an outright annexation in which Kuwaiti sovereign territory was split, with the "Saddamiyat al-Mitla' District" being carved out of the country's northern portion and the "Kuwait Governorate" covering the rest. M270 Multiple Launch Rocket Systems contributed an additional 4,900 rockets fired at Iraqi targets. [229], The coalition's advance was much swifter than US generals had expected. [152] Prior to this action the Task Force's primary fire support battalion, 4th Battalion of the 3rd Field Artillery Regiment, participated in a massive artillery preparation. [279], The largest accident among coalition forces happened on 21 March 1991, when a Royal Saudi Air Force C-130H crashed in heavy smoke on approach to Ras Al-Mishab Airport, Saudi Arabia. The network had previously convinced the Iraqi government to allow installation of a permanent audio circuit in their makeshift bureau. [citation needed], In the United Kingdom, the BBC devoted the FM broadcast portion of its national talk radio station BBC Radio 4 to an 18-hour rolling news format called Radio 4 News FM. [163] Iraq lost close to 22 artillery battalions during the initial stages of this barrage,[164] including the destruction of approximately 396 Iraqi artillery pieces. U.S. Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990-1991 With the 1st U.S. Marine Division in Desert Shield and Desert Storm. [95] Following the first attacks, Israeli Air Force jets were deployed to patrol the northern airspace with Iraq. Several tank battles took place, but otherwise coalition troops encountered minimal resistance, as most Iraqi troops surrendered. The Australian Task Force was also placed at great risk with regard to the sea mine threat, with HMAS Brisbane narrowly avoiding a mine. Eleven Americans were killed in two separate friendly fire incidents, an additional 14 US airmen were killed when their AC-130 gunship was shot down by an Iraqi surface-to-air missile,[150] and two US soldiers were captured during the battle. This was the first time since the Korean War that Canada's military had participated in offensive combat operations. It was determined that the conflict would likely spread into Saudi Arabia and other Persian Gulf states, but that the United States had little capability to defend the region. ", Middle East Review of International Affairs, "Iraq surveys show 'humanitarian emergency', "Truth and death in Iraq under sanctions", American University School of International Service, "Duke Magazine-Oil Spill-After the Deluge", "V: "Thunder And Lightning"- The War With Iraq (Subsection:The War at Sea)", "The Impact of the Gulf Crisis on Developing Countries", "Picture power: Death of an Iraqi soldier", "Famous Pictures Magazine Iraqi Soldier", "Gulf War Coverage: The Worst Censorship Was at Home", "Something wrong with our **** chips today", "The Performance of the Patriot Missile in the war", Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, "Observer review: Jarhead by Anthony Swofford", "Allies Deliberately Poisoned Iraq Public Water Supply in Gulf War", "U.S. Claims Iraqi Nuclear Reactors Hit Hard", "Independent Policy Forum Luncheon Honoring", "Bibliography: The First U.S. Iraq War: Desert Shield and Desert Storm (19901991)", "The United States Navy in Desert Shield/Desert Storm", "Japan's Response to the Persian Gulf Crisis: Implications for U.S.-Japan Relations", "Third World War in the Gulf: A New World Order", "The Gulf War: an in-depth examination of the 19901991 Persian Gulf crisis", "Report to Congress on the Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, Chapter 6", the evacuation of 170,000 Indians stranded in the war zone, Barbara Walters Interview with General Schwarzkopf, Coalition commander in the Persian Gulf War, Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives, Master Index of Desert Storm Oral History Interviews, United States Army Center of Military History, Bibliography of the Desert Shield and Desert Storm, 20th Anniversary of Desert Storm in Photos, Air Force and Air Defense of Iraq before the war (not translated) exact list of the technical details, Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm: Valorous Unit Award Citations, Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine, Length of U.S. participation in major wars, Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act, Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992, Housing and Community Development Act of 1992, Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act, Negotiations for the North American Free Trade Agreement, Bush School of Government and Public Service, What It Takes: The Way to the White House, George Bush: The Life of a Lone Star Yankee, The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty, Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party Iraq Region, 19471948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council, On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences, North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972, Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union, 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States, American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation, United States involvement in regime change, Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, Gulf Organization for Industrial Consulting, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulf_War&oldid=1141760331, 20th-century military history of the United States, United States Marine Corps in the 20th century, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Articles with incomplete citations from May 2022, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2023, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles needing additional references from December 2018, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017, Articles with failed verification from February 2023, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2011, Articles with limited geographic scope from January 2010, Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Expulsion of Iraqi military forces from Kuwait, Destruction of Kuwaiti and Iraqi infrastructure, Iraq launches missiles against Saudi Arabian targets, Desert Rats:The British 4 and 7 Armoured Brigades, WW2 to Today by Hans Halberstadt, Blitzkrieg in the Gulf: Armor of the 100 Hour war by Yves Debay, Desert Redleg: Artillery Warfare in the First Gulf War by Col. L. Scott Lingamfelter, Brands, H. W. "George Bush and the Gulf War of 1991. This number was much lower than expected. Some authors have called it the Second Gulf War to distinguish it from the IranIraq War. United StatesUnited KingdomFranceSaudi ArabiaEgyptKuwait, Coalition:292 killed (147 killed by enemy action, 145 non-hostile deaths)467 wounded in action776 wounded[8]31 tanks destroyed/disabled[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]28 Bradley IFVs destroyed/damaged[17][18]1 M113 APC destroyed2 British Warrior APCs destroyed1 artillery piece destroyed75 aircraft destroyed[citation needed]Kuwait:420 killed Sun Pacific Power Corp; Street Smart Outdoor; MedRecycler A US soldier was killed by an Iraqi land mine, another five by friendly fire, and 30 wounded during the battle. In response to the joint call, an array of countries joined the American-led coalition, forming the largest military alliance since World War II. The US also sent the battleships USS Missouri and USS Wisconsin to the region. The Iraqi 80th Armored Brigade would also fall victim to the British 1st Armoured Division. These events drew little notice outside the Arab world because of fast-moving events directly related to the fall of Communism in Eastern Europe. [110], After stops in Helsinki and Moscow to smooth out Iraqi demands for a Middle-Eastern peace conference with the Soviet Union, Baker traveled to Syria to discuss its role in the crisis with its President Hafez Assad. [citation needed], According to the Project on Defense Alternatives study, between 20,000 and 26,000 Iraqi military personnel were killed in the conflict while 75,000 others were wounded. The Bitburg contingent was based at Al Kharj Air Base, approximately an hour south east of Riyadh. [193] The division commander Maj. Gen. J.M. Gulf War and Persian Gulf War are the most common terms for the conflict used within western countries, though it may also be called the First Gulf War (to distinguish it from the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the subsequent Iraq War). Coalition forces pressed another 10km (6.2mi) into Iraqi territory, and captured their objective within three hours. The Iraqi attack had two prongs, with the primary attack force driving south straight for Kuwait City down the main highway, and a supporting attack force entering Kuwait farther west, but then turning and driving east, cutting off Kuwait City from the country's southern half. Carhart, Tom (1994). [310] Royal Air Force Tornado crew John Nichol and John Peters have both alleged that they were tortured during this time. [citation needed], Australia contributed a Naval Task Group, which formed part of the multi-national fleet in the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, under Operation Damask. [citation needed], A 2022 study by Dr. Robert W. Haley of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, et al., of 1,016 U.S. Gulf War veterans found evidence of a causal link between GWS and exposure to low levels of the nerve agent sarin, which was released into the air by coalition bombing of Iraqi chemical weapons facilities. Shortly after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, the organization Citizens for a Free Kuwait was formed in the US. The Iraqis attacked the Dasman Palace, the Royal Residence of Kuwait's Emir, Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, which was defended by the Emiri Guard supported with M-84 tanks. Baker, James Addison, and Thomas M. DeFrank. "[62] The US sent aerial refuelling planes and combat ships to the Persian Gulf in response to these threats. US and British special operations forces had been covertly inserted into western Iraq to aid in the search for and destruction of Scuds. While the coalition itself did not include Israel, the Iraqi leadership had launched the campaign under the expectation that the missile barrage would provoke an independent Israeli military response, and hoped that such a response would prompt the coalition's Muslim-majority countries to withdraw (see ArabIsraeli conflict). [54] According to oil workers in the area, Iraq's slant drilling claim was fabricated, as "oil flows easily from the Rumaila field without any need for these techniques. His response was: "Yes, absolutely, yes. This move was supported by the US, who believed that Iraqi ties with pro-Western Gulf states would help bring and maintain Iraq inside the US' sphere of influence. [50] Iraq pressured both nations to forgive the debts, but they refused. 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