This tradition has two questionable features: Samuel is the only judge who is a permanent magistrate as well as a military leader, and his conclusive victory over the Philistines in chapter 7 cannot be historical, since it is contradicted by the subsequent military exploits of Saul and David. PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) is one of the most severe mental health issues from parental neglect or abuse during childhood. . So the woman went her way, and did eat, and her countenance was no more sad. 1. Strong, Exhaustive Concordance, 122533. He will keep the feet of his saints, and the wicked shall be silent in darkness; for by strength shall no man prevail. In Portugal, the pan-European report noted a decline in January-February 2022, compared to the trend in previous years. WebSamuel Adams was Born in Massachusetts Bay Period: Sep 27, 1722 to Oct 2, 1803. For this child I prayed; and the Lord hath given me my petition which I asked of him: Therefore also I have lent him to the Lord; as long as he liveth he shall be lent to the Lord. In contrast to the use of shakab (lie with) in the account of the promiscuity of Elis sons, discussed above, in the account of Samuels divine call, Eli instructs the lad repeatedly to shakab (lie down). This ostensibly generous offer from a loving husband introduces other dramatic tensions of the story. WebHe is the fifth of nine children born to Major Samuel and Elizabeth (Paxton) Houston. Yet, his roles as prophet, seer, and judge are all incredible in certain respects, apart from the fact that each of them is considerable. Regarding the poetic qualities of Hannahs song, see McCarter, ISamuel, 6776. Insightful analyses of the lives of these three exemplary women are found in Sternberg, Poetics, 13152 (Rebekah); and Alter, Art, 512 (Tamar) and 5860 (Ruth). See McCarter, ISamuel, 72 n.5; see also Alter, Moses, 269 n.27; 307 n.5. Then Eli called Samuel, and said Samuel, my son. And he went and lay down. Wherefore it came to pass, when the time was come about after Hannah had conceived, that she bare a son, and called his name Samuel, saying, Because I have asked him of the Lord. PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) is one of the most severe mental health issues from parental neglect or abuse during childhood. 10. Type Scene: Victory Song. There is none holy as the Lord: for there is none beside thee: neither is there any rock like our God. McCarter observes, In certain cases it is clear that the raised horn refers specifically to progeny, hence the possible allusion to Hannah and her firstborn.48. 1 Chronicles 6:27 identifies Jeroham, Samuels paternal grandfather, as a Levite. . been registered with such subtlety and insight. Alter, Moses, xii. For example, is Eli, the father, the chief priest in the hereditary office? He died, and his ghost was evoked by a necromancer, or sorceress, at the request of Saul; he then announced a third time the rejection of Saul (chapter 28). Making sense of the rhetorical, poetic, and structural features of a scriptural text necessitates in-depth and attentive reading, the benefits of which can be enhanced by these additional interpretive skills. Elkanah has only two direct speeches in the entire story. These scenes infer meaningful connections with other individuals and settings in the Hebrew and Christian Bibles that serve as positive and negative exemplars of Gods enduring covenant with his children. In accomplishing this mission, the man of God encounters only Eli, delivers his message faithfully and confidentially, and then disappears immediately, apparently never to be seen or heard fromagain. These are known by the technical German term Leitwort. Following Samuels birth, Hannah nurtures him as only a mother can and thereafter entrusts him to JHWHs priest. She is merely the barren co-wife of an obscure Ephraimite. And the Lord visited Hannah, so that she conceived, and bare three sons and two daughters. 50. It is quite unlikely that either the powers of the king or the prerogatives of the priest were as closely defined as this in the early period. Now Samuel did not yet know the Lord, neither was the word of the Lord revealed unto him. . 31. Nay, my sons; for it is no good report that I hear: ye make the Lords people to transgress.57, Leitwrter: know and lie with. 43. As crafted, Samuels initial prophecy confirms the scathing condemnation of Eli by the man of God and inaugurates Samuels own prophetic ministry. Also there was peace between Israel and the Amorites (1 Samuel 7:13-14). Samuels life serves as an example for believers today. Key principles include his obedience to God from the time he was a youth, his faith ( Hebrews 11:32) and his willingness to intercede for others ( Jeremiah 15:1 ). In gratitude she dedicated Give, 18390. Because the verb tenses connected with these events indicate their repetitive nature, Elkanahs customary ritual routine defines his familys traditional identity. . While I accept the perspective attributed to Gregory the Great, Scripture grows with its readers, cited by Andre LaCocque and Paul Ricoeur, I contend that the authors first corollary of this positionthe abandonment of the concern . Customary Behavior: Hearing and Seeing. 13. . Structuring Devices: Play of Perspectives. This section of the story consists entirely of dialogue, in large measure because it is the storys dramatic fulcrum.60 While both messages condemn Eli in similar ways, they are not interchangeable. Steven L. Olsen received a bachelors from BYU and a masters degree and PhD from the University of Chicago. 3) Hophni and Phinehas, Elis sons, refused to listen to the voice & rebuke of their father (1 Samuel 2:25) and it was the LORDs will to put them to death. Structuring Devices: Play of Perspectives. The dynamic interplay in the biblical text between narrow and broad perspectives (narrative and dialogue in Alters terms) comes into focus in the third segment of the Samuel story. And it came to pass at that time, when Eli was laid down in his place, and his eyes began to wax dim, that he could not see; And ere the lamp of God went out in the temple of the Lord, where the ark of God was, and Samuel was laid down to sleep; That the Lord called Samuel: and he answered, Here am I. 72. And they rose up in the morning early, and worshipped before the Lord, and returned, and came to their house to Ramah: and Elkanah knew Hannah his wife; and the Lord remembered her. And he said unto them, Why do ye such things? TDOT, 12:5060. On the contrary, Alter reflects on the sophistication of this convention in the Hebrew Bible: Nowhere else in ancient literature have the quirkiness and unpredictability of individual character and the frictions and tensions of family life . is conceived almost entirely as verbal intercourse, with the assumption that what is significant about a character, at least for a particular narrative juncture, can be manifested almost entirely in the characters speech. Alter, Art, 88. WebThe boy Samuel grew up in the service of the LORD. The king is chosen not by divine election but by lot, implying that no special qualities were required, and the bashful candidate has to be summoned from a hiding place. 63. Prior to his call, Samuel did not yet know the Lord; neither was the word of the Lord yet revealed unto him.68 The knowledge of God bestowed on this occasion is personal, powerful, and covenant-based, not familiar and sexual. 30, 31; 158 n.1; 207 n.6. 1. for I hear of your evil dealings by all this people. There must have been some reason why Samuel was important enough to be remembered for a major role in the establishment of the monarchy. When he became an adult, Samuel inspired Israel to a great victory over the Philistines at Ebenezer (chapter 7). Consider, however, the use of paqad in the promised and miraculous birth of Isaac in Genesis 21:12. 1. am I not better to thee than ten sons? One of many studies of this genre in the Hebrew Bible is Steven Weitzman, Song and Story in Biblical Narrative: The History of a Literary Convention in Ancient Israel (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997); see also Alter, Moses, 397 n.1. See, for example, McCarter, ISamuel, 1214; Richard R. Losch, All the People in the Bible: An AZ Guide to the Saints, Scoundrels, and Other Characters in Scripture (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 2008), 36870. While Samuel ministered to the Lord (1 Samuel 2:18). The man of God begins his condemnation with the terse authoritative declaration, Thus saith the Lord. He then repeats verbatim every word of the divine message, including the repeated use of first person singular pronouns, as though he speaks precisely in the place of the Lord. In his masterful study of The Iliad, the great classical scholar James M. Redfield offers an alternate perspective that is central to the present inquiry: Homer does not speak to us when we assign our meanings to his words or when we allow ourselves to be guided by our immediate response to his scenes. James M. Redfield, Nature and Culture in The Iliad: The Tragedy of Hector (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975), x. In essence, it addresses the question, What meanings did the original author(s) intend to communicate in crafting the text in this manner?. (2:1126). Alter, Ancient Israel, 246 n.26; Simon, Prophetic Narratives, 18. Although [Hannah] is undoubtedly the heroine of our [birth] narrative, and even though Samuels role in it is secondary and passive, the story ultimately focuses not on her but on him. Simon, Prophetic Narratives, 33. But Samuel ministered before the Lord, being a child, girded with a linen ephod. Lenn J. Schramm (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997), 5172. My great indebtedness to these studies becomes very apparent in the following pages; however, I alone remain responsible for the perspective and conclusions of this study, including any errors or oversights. In gratitude she dedicated him to the service of the chief sanctuary of Shiloh, in the charge of the priest Eli. Updated on September 25, 2018. While Eli properly identifies the source of Samuels call, he does not hear the voice himself; only the lad does. By faithfully filling the crucial roles of prophet, priest, and judge, Samuel helped to transform the House of Israel from a collection of weak and often warring tribes to a relatively permanent and somewhat stable nation in the contentious ancient Middle East. And this man went up out of his city yearly to worship and to sacrifice unto the Lord of hosts in Shiloh. The prevailing view of biblical scholars is that the account of Samuels life and ministry took final shape centuries after the events it depicts and was likely the work of more than one author/editor/redactor. On the art of gap-filling by biblical narrators, see Sternberg, Poetics, 186229. And the word of the LORD was precious in those days; there was no open vision. Please select which sections you would like to print: Professor of Theology, DePaul University, Chicago, 197078. Nevertheless, everything that she says and doesindeed, everything that she is in the storymanifests supreme devotion to her sacred roles of wife and mother and to her covenant relationship with the Lord. and why is thy heart grieved? (2:110), Parallelism. The account gives no hint as to his identity and background, nor to his other qualities, roles, or missions. This is his leadership of the sons of the prophets, a group of young men organized for ecstatic worship. Its content not only indicates the overthrow of the priestly authority of the house of Eli and the implicit move to a different sort of authority to be embodied by the prophet Samuel, but it also adumbrates the rather dour and dire role that Samuel will play as leader, in relation to both Israel and to Saul. Alter, Ancient Israel, 256 nn. Diction. By contrast, on the night of Samuels divine call, Eli specifically and emphatically directs the lad on how to respond to the voice of the Lord, thus setting the expectation of a follow-up report to the priest. to set them among the princes, and to make them inherit the throne of glory: for the pillars of the earth are the Lords, and he hath set the world upon them. . And the man of thine, whom I shall cut not off from mine altar, shall be to consume thine eyes, and to grieve thine heart: and all the increase of thine house shall die in the flower of their age. God is the main character in the narrative, even though he personally appears briefly only onceto call Samuel and give him his first prophecy. Rather than accepting her husbands invitation that she privilege her spousal role and enjoy its intended personal benefits (the worthy portion), Hannah chooses instead to focus on her maternal role: nurturing Samuel at home while he remains dependent on her for life and sustenance. In a literary approach to scripture, sacred texts are seen as a complex, intentional creation by whose patterns and intricacies readers gain insights into the imaginative universe78 of the prophets, scribes, and other holy people who crafted them. Now Eli the priest sat upon a seat by a post of the temple of the Lord. And Samuel arose and went to Eli, and said, Here am I; for thou didst call me. 29. For I have told him that I will judge his house for ever for the iniquity which he knoweth; because his sons made themselves vile, and he restrained them not. Perhaps embarrassed by his hasty action and complete misjudgment, Eli quickly reverses himself and offers Hannah a blanket blessing, while remaining seemingly unaware of the specific purpose of her supplication.26. David Noel Freedman, 6vols. In the pro-monarchic account of the rise of Saul, Samuel is an obscure village seer (with distinct evidence of occult practices). The lexical shift from give to lend does not indicate a change of heart on Hannahs part. 11. 53. It is noteworthy that Gods first message to Samuel is a prophecy of doom. witnessed the birth of its most famous son. Impact. 68. Samson is one of the most recognizable of the judges who ruled over Israel before the time of the kings. Following the reception of Samuels first prophecy, hearing and seeing figure prominently in the interchange between the priest and his protg: Samuel feared to shew Eli the vision. To keep readers focused on the storys central purpose, the narrator adds a bit of narrative commentary on Samuels faithful service before and after each vignette (2:11b, 18, 21b, 26). And the man Elkanah, and all his house, went up to offer unto the Lord the yearly sacrifice, and his vow. Also before they burnt the fat, the priests servant came, and said to the man that sacrificed, Give flesh to roast for the priest; for he will not have sodden flesh of thee, but raw. In relation to other characters in the story, Hannah demonstrates her connectedness by: Leitwrter: remembered and visited. While this general biblical pattern exhibits innumerable complexities, variations, nuances, and ambiguities, its consistency spans centuries of the recorded dealings of JHWH with covenant Israel.76 A covenant focus thus seems to be essential to the pious tradition77 that occupied biblical writers and commanded their literary craftsmanship. Ancient Eli is almost a tragicomic figure. For example, Exodus 34; Isaiah 6; Jeremiah 1; Ezekiel 12. And Samuel told him every whit, and hid nothing from him (3:1517). As Jacob was Most commentators acknowledge that the account of the birth and calling of Samuel actually ends with the first sentence of the next chapter, And the word of Samuel came to all Israel (4:1a). . Leitwrter: give and lend. From the present perspective, 1 Samuel 13 is an account of more than the birth of a remarkable prophet and the beginning of a radical transformation of Israels polity. The Lord . Within the context of the Samuel narrative, these verbs repeatedly indict Elis sons. And they slew a bullock, and brought the child to Eli. 24. Chapters 13 of 1 Samuel1 describe the miraculous origins and auspicious upbringing of the first major Hebrew prophet since Joshua, who by all measures lived centuries before Samuel.2 The biblical account of Samuels beginnings forecasts the exceptional ministry of the man who served as Israels last complete sovereign. The parallel syntax and barrage of ands, far from being the reflex of a primitive language, are as artfully effective in furthering the ends of the narrative as any device one could find in a sophisticated modern novelist. Alter, Moses, xxviixxviii, emphasis in original. For example, Alter (Art, 84) and Simon (Prophetic Narratives, 15) offer astute comments on eating and drinking in 1Samuel1. While both messengers faithfully deliver their respective messages from the Lord, the man of God accomplishes hismission in total anonymity. He was a faithful young servant who had God's favor. One night God spoke to Samuel while he was sleeping, and the boy mistook the Lord's voice for Eli's. This happened three times until the old priest realized God was speaking to Samuel. Samuel grew in wisdom and became a prophet. In his extended analysis of the annunciation type scene in the Hebrew Bible, Simon, Prophetic Narratives, 49, acknowledges the persistent tension between pattern and variation: The pattern that is common to all the stories that belong to a particular genre is sufficiently flexible and varied to allow both full development of the unique nature of every one-time human event as well as variegated rich development of the alternate possibilities latent in the common basic situation. JPS Tanakh 1917 Hannahs promise to God that there shall no razor come upon [her sons] head draws an explicit parallel with Samson, Israels most noteworthy judge (Judg. Regardless of her initial vow, following his birth she cannot not be his mother; that is, she cannot give him up in the usual senses of the verb.43 Attempting to do so would be a repudiation of her sacred maternal role. Samuel was a Lamanite. Structuring Devices: Conjunctions. WebThe boy Samuel grew up in the service of the LORD. So Samuel went and lay down in his place. So Hannah rose up after they had eaten in Shiloh, and after they had drunk. Following Hannahs song, the narrator begins his detailed condemnation of Elis sons with the epithet: Now the sons of Eli were sons of Belial, implying a scathing equivalence of Eli and Belial.52 Further, the narrator observes with biting irony that Elis sons knew not the Lord, even though they are introduced as priests of the Lord (1:3). Therefore, it is important to utilize available data to further research and understand the risk factors for preterm death. While Hannah is identified as the preferred of Elkanahs two wives, the account repeats three times that she has no children, a major source of shame for women in biblical Israel.20 This characterization also identifies the accounts first dramatic tension: that between Elkanahs preferred but barren wife and her co-wife Peninnah, who had given Elkanah multiple sons and daughters. On the one hand, Phinehas and Hophni are named as priests, in contrast with the next segment of the story, which specifically identifies Eli as the priest at Shiloh (see 1:9). While this curse represents the single most extended direct speech in 1 Samuel 13, the precise interaction between the man of God and his Master is completely omitted from the story. While Elkanahs traditional devotion preserves the identity of an obscure nuclear family, Hannahs singular devotion eventually blesses all Israel. As crafted, the interpretive focus of the Samuel story is clearly the long-term effects of Hannahs spiritual initiative. William F. Albright and David Noel Freedman (New York: Doubleday, 1980), 6366. 3:21), it begins in virtual obscurity, making its outcome all the more miraculous. 62. Rather than contrast, the two Hebrew verbs complement each other in meaning. Political Accomplishments of Samuel Adams. For comparable instances of this identical response elsewhere in the Hebrew Bible, see Genesis 22:7; 27:1, 18; 31:11; 37:11; 46:2; Exodus 3:4. And the Lord appeared again in Shiloh: for the Lord revealed himself to Samuel in Shiloh by the word of the Lord., Type Scene: Obedience to Gods Call. Web1 Samuel 1. The Birth of Samuel. The same examination reveals that none of the material in its present form was contemporary with the events; if one source is taken as controlling, then the other materials lose all historical value. Only the narrators general spiritual indictment of Israel (3:1) and the summary impact of Samuels call upon all Israel (3:194:1a) are expressed in narrative. Like his first direct speech, Elkanahs second utterance is also directed at Hannah at a time when she interrupts his traditional ritual pattern. Then said Elkanah her husband to her, Hannah, why weepest thou? This story is related to the account of Samuel as judge in chapters 7 and 12, and he is clearly presented as the last of the judges; it is indicated that the system of the judges was rejected by the Israelites not because of its failure but because of their worldliness. What is the thing that the Lord hath said unto thee? Birth of Samuel, 1 Samuel 1:1-28 & 2:1-11. Samuel was born about 1105BC and was the son of Elkanah and Hannah, from the tribe of Levi. Samuel was born in answer to Hannahs prayers. Samuels mother Hannah dedicated Samuel from birth to the Lord God and Samuel served God all his life. Samuel was asked by God to anoint two kings. Moreover, metabolic dysfunction may be inherited into the following generation through non-genomic mechanisms, with epigenetics as a plausible candidate. Often, though not always, these firsts reveal essential character traits and roles. The first specific action in the Samuel story has Elkanah sharing with Hannah a worthy portion of the offering. Characterization. Therefore, it is important to utilize available data to further research and understand the risk factors for preterm death. Knew not implies a defining and permanent condition for the sons of Eli; for Samuel, however, did not yet know implies a temporary and transitional condition that would soon be remedied. In contrast with the introduction, which consists almost entirely of expository narrative, the second segment is filled almost entirely with dialogue.23. 12. And Samuel feared to shew Eli the vision. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). 27. 56. By contrast, Samuel executes his mission completely in the public eye. The first story (1 Samuel 13) describes Samuels action as motivated by Sauls assumption of the prerogatives of the priesthood. According to the account, Elkanah loves Hannah, favors her with a worthy portion of the ceremonial offering, and is her partner in the conception of Samuel; nevertheless, he leads out in and is concerned with no other family roles than performing the annual ceremonial requirements of the Mosaic law and providing for the familys material support. And he ran unto Eli, and said, Here am I for thou calledst me. WebSignificance. 5. Recurrent literary conventions that form the interpretive fabric of this account include parallelism,9 characterization,10 key words (Leitwrter),11 type scenes,12 patterns of customary behavior,13 and structuring devices like Sternbergs play of perspective.14 The dynamic and complementary interplay of these conventions throughout the text increases the drama, engagement, meaning, and pleasure of the reading experience. & 2:1-11 God was speaking to Samuel is a prophecy of doom eventually blesses all Israel 1!, though not always, these verbs repeatedly indict Elis sons from parental neglect or abuse childhood. As the Lord was precious in those days ; there was peace between Israel the! And said, Here am I not better to thee than ten sons message to while! The public eye 1980 ), 5172 ( requires login ) a change of heart on Hannahs.. Indicate a change of heart on Hannahs part I for thou calledst me art of gap-filling biblical! 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