This action had further reduced the width of the coasts, leading to increased tidal flooding of terrestrial areas. According to him, artificial land reclamation activities have been an age-long war between man and nature, noting that Lagos state government needs to get things right and be careful as the exercise could lead to disastrous consequence. Town of Hemptstead's Morewood Property in Nassau County, before reclamation. He advised the Lagos state government to discontinue land reclamation around the Lagos lagoon. An example is a nipa palm invaded area. Land reclamation is a common problem in the cities. early, mid and late successional species) within 15years, 510years and 1030years respectively. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. Land reclamation, usually known as reclamation, and also known as land fill (not to be confused with a waste landfill ), is the process of creating new land from oceans, seas, riverbeds or lake beds. This condition is believed to be caused by high concentration of soil nutrients at the end of the sand fill area that flowed in with the river water during high tide. The dumping of dredged soil on mangrove vegetation smothers the plants and increases the heavy metal concentration of the soil [3]. Port-Harcourt, Warri and Lagos are at the sea level. Write CSS OR LESS and hit save. The development of the Eko Atlantic City is being done in collaboration between Lagos state government and the organised private sector that is responsible for the funding of the project. One of the focal points is the much touted urban development that has taken place in Eti-Osa LGA, via land reclamation exercise, especially since 1983 when the Lagos state g. overnment began to allocate the Lekki Peninsula for urban development purpose. Coastal area is in serious danger from land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. It involves human beings because they are the ones that cause problems for biodiversity. Coastal areas are often favorite sites for establishing industries that need river water to cool turbines. Faced with the challenge of over 20 million people inhabiting a landmass of about 1,171.28 square kilometres, land reclamation has become a norm in Lagos to mitigate its pressing need for. Towns and semi-dense areas, which have a population of at least 5,000 inhabitants in contiguous grid cells with a density of at least 300 inhabitants per km 2; and. Salt marshes and mangrove forests that line the coasts in temperate and tropical regions respectively are also endangered because of human desire to live and do business along coasts through the execution of different coastal development projects; land subsidence from oil and gas drilling and dams that hold back marsh-building sediments [17, 18]. Direct dumping is the process used when the sea bed is deep or when the underlying seabed is soft. Presently buildings have been erected on the site, which are occupied by some people. This is because the adventitious roots of the mangrove forest serve as tidal breaks. In some occasions, it is filled with both. Located at the north-western tip of the island, the reclaimed land comes as space earmarked for military use becomes increasingly squeezed on the mainland. This is encapsulated in the Land Use Act promulgated in 1978, which states that all lands in Nigeria belong to the Federal Government, this include but not limited to under-water land that is 200 nautical miles from the shore. Apart from the Island areas; other places in the mainland such as Oworonshoki (Third Mainland Bridge axis) and areas of Ikorodu have been undergoing extensive land reclamation for developmental purpose. The damage to coastal areas is far more extensive, physically," he told the BusinessMirror in a telephone interview on June 6. The palms are to be bulldozed with swamp buggies, mangrove top soil exported and seedlings planted to start a pioneer species in a mangrove protected area where no landscape reclamation activity occurs (Figure 10). Israeli police clashed Wednesday with protesters rallying against the government's judicial reform programme which critics say threatens democracy, as lawmakers held a preliminary vote on the latest controversial bill. Prince Harry and his wife Meghan are being evicted from their home on the British royal family's Windsor estate, a spokesperson said Wednesday, leaving them without a UK base. The way the practice is being done in Nigeria encourages subsidence along the coast. The dredged soil that is evacuated from the river bottom is dumped on land surface and smothers coastal vegetation such as mangroves. Deposited sand is usually evacuated by trucks to buyers. He however, berated the sponsors of the reclamation exercise, adding that the estates they are constructing in the reclaimed areas dont accommodate the low and the middle class, adding that their motive is primarily to make money. *Address all correspondence to: aroloyen@yahoo.com. Land policy in Nigeria is influenced by government and culture. Homogeneous ideals such as customs, educational goals, and occupational goals all make up segregation. sea-side resort, roads, houses, light poles and shopping malls. Perhaps, the most popular so far among the land reclamation projects is Eko Atlantic City project which kick started in 2008. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. One of the focal points is the much touted urban development that has taken place in Eti-Osa LGA, via land reclamation exercise, especially since 1983 when the Lagos state government began to allocate the Lekki Peninsula for urban development purpose. However, their predicament began when a company known as Nigerian Westminster Dredging and Marine Limited commenced sand filling project at Lagos Lagoon, at the foot of Third Mainland Bridge at Oworonshoki. This estimate was made using Arc GIS [9]. Diamond Island is also seen as a cradle of commercial activities because the plots of lands there are available and meant for commercial, industrial and also residential activities. 2020 The Author(s). For instance, oil field that is established in mangrove swamp. It also changes the coastal structure and lead to flooding of upland areas. He said: Because of the necessity for land use, people end up the sand filling and tend to utter nature and in that instance create chaos or disorder in the natural balance and so we see the impact almost immediately. One cannot jettison the issue raised by UN-Habitat and Ibidun Adelekan as regards the problem of flooding that can stem from massive land reclamation because coastal areas such as Lekki, Victoria Island and Ikoyi on several occasions have been ravaged by flood. This involves the conversion of coastal wetlands into terrestrial areas. Books > They stand to benefit from future developments in the axis. These are commonly flooding because there is no shelter bay to take the runoff from the land areas. For indigenous vacations in Nigeria, Calabar is often the first location that comes to mind, hence why it's among the most beautiful cities in Nigeria. In Nigeria reclaimed land is used to build residential quarters, road network, vegetation production, grazing, recreation, shopping complex and refuse disposal site. According to Irabor, with every sense of purpose, I will say that what is happening in Lagos is being driven by the desire to make money. The city is situated on four main islands namely, Lagos, Victoria, Iddo, and Ikoyi which are all connected by a network of bridges. The sand was brought out from the river by suction pressure through long pipes. Diamond Island is located at Ilubirin Foreshore Estate and is being done by Lagos state government and a dredging company. Once the bulldozer rolls in to mow down the mangroves, it creates depressions for tidal pressure to wash in ashore. Exploratory activities bring about the reclamation of coastal lands for the purpose of laying pipelines. These phases include: (i) deforestation of mangrove forest (ii) consolidation of swamp with bulldozers, (iii) pumping of white sand from the sea bottom unto shore, (iv) sand filling of reclaimed land, and (v) construction activity e.g. We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the worlds most-cited researchers. The only one that Lagos state government is not involved is Imperial City which is done in partnership between the Elegushi Royal Family and Channeldrill Resources Limited. roads, buildings, industries and parks. Introductory Chapter: Landscape Reclamation as a K Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria. In his opinion: When we talk about sand filling and its negative effects, we are talking about the war between ecology and economy, which translates to nature versus man. The inflow and out flow of fresh water will change the hydrology and the biology of the river. The uppermost layer or photic zone is 10m of water and absorbs 80% of solar energy, which carries out primary productivity. The Act was designed purposely to make provision for slum clearance, land reclamation, estates for industrial and residential purposes as well as to carry out extensive and land use planning in Lagos. Jakarta, the fastest sinking city in the world, made a plan in 2014 to tackle rising sea levels and subsidence. Towns and cities along the West African coastline have become prominent as important contributors to national gross domestic products (GDPs). If those locations belong to them by law, there should be no cause for alarm. During clearing heavy machinery fell trees. "Land reclamation kills mangroves, seagrass and corals. Two major activities that devastate coastal areas are sand mining and off-shore dredging. We use various techniques to reclaim land and protect shorelines using our state-of-the-art fleet of dredging vessels and specialized equipment. Nigeria has a total of 36 states, and 774 Local Government Areas that are spread across the 39th most populous country in the world. residential, industrial, commercial, transportation and other use had experienced tremendous increase from 85.4 square kilometres (43.36per cent) to 111.9 square kilometres (56.8per cent). Areas close to the shore are also sand filled to connect bridges. Shrimp farming in particular has resulted to the conversion of large areas of mangroves. Land is the basic natural earth resource, which can be used to produce ones satisfying goods and services through agriculture, industry and commerce. The Government also ordered the immediate cessation of all ongoing works, construction, reclamation and other similar activities in respect of extension approvals granted or being processed at Banana Island and Osborne Foreshore, Ikoyi. The same is being experienced in many reclaimed lands in many parts of the world. Before reclamation the site is cleared, which leads to the destruction of native plant species within the reclaimed area [3]. But to avert the impending doom, the Lagos State Government had issued a suspension order on all approvals in respect of land extensions into the Lagoon especially at Banana Island and Osborne Foreshore, Ikoyi. Land is regarded in this area as the best form of asset investment because of the prestige attached to its ownership. The intertidal zones serve as a platform for carrying out reclamation by hosting heavy machinery such as bulldozers, dredgers and trucks, which are used to dredge the ocean bottom and pump out sand, which is used to fill the area. But in the last two months I have not caught a single fish. These areas are usually port or coastal locations that attract people from other parts of the world. He cited the case of the massive flooding that ravaged Lekki, Ajah, Ikoyi and Lagos Island after a heavy rain, noting that it was the first time that Lagos lagoon would rise. Landscape that is formed at the end of the solidification process of the swamp becomes attractive to land speculators who sand fill and reinforce the area in other to carry out construction work. A field observation made indicates that seeds at the end of the sand filled area had better growth than seeds at the mouth of the entrance of the balkanized sand. It is the returning of lands to an improved state. It should be noted that Lagos state is promoting the exercise by partnering private developers in the activities. While speaking with Vanguard, Osawe said he sees nothing wrong with the exercise, in as much as it is done in the proper way. Similarly, reckless and indiscriminate hunting in opened forest reduces population and thus reduces species diversity, which may lead to extinction of some species. Kansai International Airport (in Osaka) and Hong Kong International Airport are examples where this process was deemed necessary. This is because of land expansion activities such as urban development. 3:02 am. People participation is very important in landscape reclamation because it would provide a consensus view on land use to the host community [19]. . A Mined Land Reclamation permit is an approval to conduct regulated activities at a specific site. The loss to the environment is permanent and enormous because for over 34years no coastal species had grown in this area. However, the Lagos state government has allayed the fear that is being raised in some quarters as regards the massive land reclamation across the state. Dutch engineers were also brought in to reclaim a lot of the land in the Fens and Lincolnshire around the Wash. This situation thus necessitated the reclamation of coastal areas to create more space for human habitation. Restoration principle is based on bringing back a degraded site to its original form. Land reclamation is also known as land fill, it is the process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds or lake beds. In the same vein the wheel of the bulldozers fragments the soil particles and makes it porous and prone to leaching or wind erosion. The reclamation will take place at Singapores largest island which is the Northern Pulau Tekong. Before exploration the site is prepared through pilling, dredging, sand filling, grading and concreting. The soil chemistry is also affected by the manures and fertilizers that come from the farm and the waste from fish ponds. Sand mining is a thriving business in this area, which is done without proper environmental impact assessment or feasibility study. He said: Personally, I do not think that we are doing it the right way. Here in Nigeria, the trend of reclamation of land is very common in Lagos, the nation's commercial capital, a coastal city that is located in the South West of Nigeria. Examples of artificial islands in Nigeria include Banana Island, Ikoyi, Lagos, Gracefield Island, Lekki, Lagos, The Eko Atlantic, Victoria Island, and Lagos. However, there was significant difference in species abundance in the study site T1 (130 species), T2 (116 species) and T3 (60 species). Therefore, the best option is to remediate it so that it will carry out its ecological functions even if it results to another landform. Land reclamation and excessive tree felling have seen China's mangrove forests shrink from 500,000 hectares in the 1950s to 150,000 hectares today. The two aforementioned ordinances provided the template that gave rise to massive land reclamation in Lagos. Almost every coastal area in the Niger Delta has had one abandoned project or the other, one of which is sand dump. Using satellite imagery, another group of researchers concluded that the Palm. The result indicates that Potassium and magnesium had the highest concentration. 08 February 2021 | So far in this location thousands of houses had been built, which houses over half a million persons. The Missouri Department of Natural Resources is the administrative authority working through the Missouri Mining Commission. I hope they are being done according to the best practices in order to protect the ecosystem., He concluded by saying that: land reclamation for the purpose of constructing properties in commercial quantities is risky.. The marine coastal ecosystem is made up of different zones. Land reclamation involves developing and implementing a reclamation plan that considers and . Thus in other to expand the land area to accommodate the industrial complex, surrounding creeks were mowed down; sand filled and solidifies to build offices and apartments for workers. Public position begets public scrutiny and it opens up a vista of shared opinions, assumptions and commentaries on the affairs of governance and public trust. Crude oil pipeline and well head situated in reclaimed coastal area in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. This is because their adventitious root system traps sediments during tidal flow, and accumulate it over a long period of time. Advertisement The tender for the. It should be noted that land reclamation activity is not a contemporary practice in Lagos, it is an age-long practice that is dated to the 60s in Nigerias economic capital. The crude oil resource is mainly present in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, which is the centripetal force on which the nations economy revolves [3]. Mangrove litter decomposes to form manure, which further consolidates the soil structure [15]. This means that those living on the old waterfront now have a large expanse of land bordering their respective locations. Thus the removal of vegetation loosens the soil and makes it susceptible to the force of erosion. The Purple-faced leaf monkey, a long-tailed languor endemic to Sri Lanka, can be seen swinging through the trees. In October 2021, DEC prepared, . This indicates the significance of top soil in the restoration of a reclaimed site. Mangroves are regarded as land forming organisms [10]. Speaking on the Oworonsoki land reclamation exercise, Commissioner for Waterfront Infrastructure Development, Ade Akinsanya said that the project would add immense economic values to the state. This method works well for foreshore locations with good seabed soil. But ecology sees farther ahead.. The process in Figure 7 may be reversible or irreversible and if not reversible can lead to the total loss of the mangrove forest and the coastal community. According to history, Minna was a labour camp for railway construction and this led to . It is also gathered that China also reclaimed 13,455 hectares of land from the sea in 2010; and this has some multiplier effects on the economy of the communist state as it earned over 7.82 billion yuan in revenue for the government, among other socio-economic results it yielded. Two projects in nearby Bacoor Bay will see fishing villages relocated and blocked from the sea by land reclaimed for hotels catering to the new international airport, as well as a mixed-use development zone. The succession process in the Niger Delta occurs in three phases (Figure 7). It is noteworthy that Songo International Business District also in South Korea which is reputed to be the largest private development in the country is built on a reclaimed land in the area of Incheon waterfront. Nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) is the major invasive species [12, 13] in the Niger Delta area and has over taken many mangrove forest and coastal areas. Re: List Of Igbo Towns In Nigeria. Terrestrial land form eventually evolves from an aquatic environment after solidification. Land that is reclaimed is used for construction of schools, hospitals, roads and bridges. In its own definition, ritchiewiki website describes land reclamation as a process of repairing or restoring disturbed land to a useful state which can be used for construction and industrial activities. Lagos - 8,048,430 Lagos is one of earth's largest urban areas. The entry of big machinery into the swamp had added more stress to the coast by destroying many soil-dwelling and benthic organisms. Also, many parts of the Netherlands (7,000 square kilometers coastal wetlands) were reclaimed from the sea. Although they were not significantly different from each site (F2, 12=0.19, P=0.83). Cultural activity such as fish farming results in the reclamation of coastal areas and the balkanization of river tributaries. Alaafin of Oyo passes away at 83, after over 50 years on the throne, Liverpool tame Wolves to climb into top six, Martinelli stars as leaders Arsenal crush Everton to go five points clear, Britain's Prince Harry loses home on royal estate, PDP senator-elect lauds C/Rivers Gov. Umar Afegbua of the Centre for Geodesy and Geodynamics, Toro, Bauchi State, in his own view said that that the reclamation exercise is not done in the right way in the sense that it destroys the other aspect of the environment; thereby, creating disequilibrium in the environment. Areas that have mangrove vegetation before can be restored through the exportation of mangrove soil and mangrove propagules and allowed for 2030years to develop into a mature mangrove forest. Evacuation of the tree stumps lead to the loss of many soil organisms from their habitat. They have been raising eyebrow as regards the possible environmental pitfalls it may result to; and also, and how the activities have hampered the commercial activities of the affected communities as most of the residents engage in fishing as their major source of income and livelihood. I dont want to say whether it is good or bad for now but we need to be careful because nature will eventually have its way, Faniran warned. To establish road network via the river, foundations for heavy pillars are usually sunk into the bottom of the river, which destabilizes the benthic community of the river. We have carried out some investigations. With . For instance, The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), in its article that x-rayed condition of the world cities titled Cities at Risk from Rising Sea Levels categorises Lagos as one of 50 cities most exposed to extreme sea levels. Agricultural activities such as rice paddies and aquaculture are embarked upon in swampy coastal locations [14]. These laws place ownership of all mineral resources in the federal government rather than the state governments, who are custodians of all land. A research article published by Ibidun Adelekan titled Vulnerability of Poor Urban Coastal Communities to Flooding in Lagos, Nigeria says: Metropolitan Lagos, situated on the narrow lowland coastal stretch bordering the Atlantic Ocean and originally covered with mangrove swamps, has experienced significant land cover changes as a result of past and present land reclamation activities to secure land for urban development., The article says further: In 1960, Lagos covered an area of about 200 square kilometres, but by the beginning of the twenty-first century, its contiguously built-up area was estimated at about 1,140 square kilometers, and sections of the metropolis along the coastline have high population Densities.. Artificial Land Reclamation Project | Cities Skylines 44,080 views Nov 12, 2020 1.2K Dislike Share SAM BUR 118K subscribers Reclaiming land, creating artificial islands, fancy buildings and. 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Biology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria Sri Lanka, can be swinging!