The papangat or pangat are powerful men who act as peacemakers during periods of strife. by Larry Lopez. Like the modern concept of the State, the bodong system has four basic elements: bugis (tribal territory), pagta (law), binodngan (people covered by the bodong), and sovereignty or recognition. The People and Art of the Philippines. In the 1970s, the salidummay was used as part of the Kalingas militant resistance to the Chico River Dam project (Sinumlag 2014): For the land that has given us life ay, ay. It conducts workshops for the Cordillera youth and takes performances abroad to educate its foreign audiences. The Chico, Tanduan, and Pasil rivers are their main sources of water. 2014. http://www.cwearc.org/main/. They plant three varieties of rice namely onoy, oyak and dikit/diket. [8], On the south or southwestern part of the province, the NCCA article says the Municipality of Labuagan is home to the Lubuagan, the Mabongtot, and the Tanglag; the Municipality of Pasil is home to the Ableg, the Balatoc, the Balinciagao, the Guinaang, and the Kagalwan; while the Municipality of Tinglayan is home to the Bangad, the Basaso, the Botbot (or Butbut), the Dananao, the Tinglayan, and the Sumadel. The next morning, Kabunyan told the people of Dacalan that whenever they were to go hunting, they must perform the awad for the spirits who owned the wild game, and a share to be given to Kabunyan. The Kalinga of Northern Luzon, Philippines. Today, traditional Kalinga houses are very rare. Heirlooms include Chinese plates (panay), jars (gosi), and gongs (gangsa). The man who performed the surgery did not eat taro until the wound had healed. It is secured firmly from the waist so that it wont fall off and keep the male organs covered safely. Geometric designs on the immosso began in the mid-1970s when the Philippine government, at the height of the Kalinga opposition to the Chico River dam project, established a local-industry cooperative in Lubuagan. We do whatever it takes to get you the barong tagalog and Filipiniana clothing you need at the right price with top quality and service. The tadok is mainly performed in a marriage ceremony. Kansas City: Franklin Hudson Publications. Widows and widowers must not marry within this period. He was responsible for the establishment of the Lubuagan branch of the National Museum, which is housed in the former provincial capitol building. The researchers conceptualized modified weave designs. The main purpose of the bahag is to cover the private parts. The term Kalinga is considered to be from the Ibanag and Gaddang languages and means headhunter. Invaders and even neighbors feared the Kalinga people because of their headhunter reputation. Tattooing the body of a returning warrior was not done for fun but to showcase the number of wars, enemies killed and even the skill level displayed in battle. Northern Dispatch. Originally, the palpaliwat was between two warriors boasting of their head-taking prowess and other such feats of bravery. The initial task of the local colonial government was to establish law and order and build roads and trails. 1978. Like the men, they may also wear the kulkul. They must also avoid streams and waterfalls as these cause harm to unborn children. 2010 Census of Population and Housing: Kalinga Population by Religious Affiliation. 2014. Their life cycle has four important stages: birth, marriage, sickness, and death. From Kalinga weaving, clothing, and body art, these contributions to Philippine culture help create diversity in the identity of the Filipino. Folk Architecture. 1 of 3. The Kalinga people [2] [3] [4] ( IPA: [kalia]) are an indigenous ethnic group whose ancestral domain is in the Cordillera Mountain Range of the northern Philippines. On the second day, eight Mangali women, each representing her village, walk up to the makeshift stage bearing a basket of dekot (sticky rice cake) on their head. Kalinga weaves are characterized by the traditional color combinations of red and black stripes and the use of beads. Because of the prevalence of tribal conflicts in the past, the ili or village were located in strategic areas surrounded by difficult terrain where villagers could easily be forewarned against invaders or intruders. From these fabrics, they make handwoven, clothing that anyone can wear every day, such as, blouses and jackets. In one planting method, the men dig holes with a dibble stick, and the women drop rice into the holes. Prior to this, Ifugao and the sub-provinces of Kalinga and Apayao belonged to Region II, while Abra, the City of Baguio, Benguet, and Mountain Province were under Region I. Kalinga has agricultural, mineral, forest, and wildlife resources. divided the Kalinga based on their dialects: Guinaang, Lubuagan, Punukpuk, Tabuk, Tinglayan, and Tanudan. Butbut Riddles: Form and Function. Philippine Studies Journal 42 (2): 155-176. The extended family consists of two nuclear families living in separate households sharing the same economic tasks, such as planting rice. Prudente, Felicidad A. . Dungoc escaped and went on to become a member of the New Peoples Army until his death in 1985. Otop (roofs) are made of cogon and bamboo, or galvanized iron sheets. Kalinga textiles characterized by dominant red stripes and motif of geometric patterns as well as nature symbols interlaced with white, yellow, and black fibers. The Americans, who were subtler in their colonial subjugation, pacified the mountain peoples by allowing them to practice their tribal lifeway and government. 1912. The Butbut Kalinga reside in Tinglayan, Kalinga. Tuppay-ya or gong players put the handle of their gongs on their belts or . Recovered from a wooden coffin inside a disturbed cave in the island of . Contemporary estimates suggest that the project would have displaced about 100,000 Kalingas and Bontoks. Corn is increasingly being grown in the province. Community: Kalinga Origin: Province of Kalinga The Kalinga textiles exhibit motifs executed as though they are embedded in the geometry of weaving itself.It has a distinct dialogue between red and blue, expressing itself in broad red and blue bands of plain or twill weave, and creating densely-composed groups of tight stripes. Health measures like vaccinations and medicines were enforced. Soon, the mountain peoples discovered that the conduct of the revolutionary troops stationed in the main centers was no different from that of the Spanish forces. The Kalinga set up barricades to prevent the entry of construction equipment and materials. Lvl 2. Filipino cultural tradition is worth preserving and the tradition of the Kalinga people offers so much value. Under this principle, certain places where the Kalinga reside, such as the cities of Tabuk and Baguio, are considered as matagoan (peace zones). A larger portion of the province is open grassland suitable for pasture, but the higher elevation in the west is forested by rich pine trees. Shipping starts at US$4.99 within the US. Small, individual wooden bridges are inserted at both ends of each string. When a weaver creates a textile that is a work of art, she becomes an agent of change setting off trains of social phenomena. Then he performed a ceremony called awad, in which he offered a share of the meal to the mountain spirits. The culture deities are those who assist the mediums or priestesses in the performance of rituals to drive away misfortune and evil spirits. The women also have tattoos that are commonly inked from the arms going to the shoulders. De la Paz, Salve. He is also believed to have taught them survival. The province has a rugged and mountainous topography, cut through by the Chico River coming from Mount Data and emptying into Cagayan River. They do not generally tattoo their bodies but those that do tattoo only a part of the forearm. They also make household articles like wooden containers, bowls, dishes, ladles, and a variety of baskets and pots. The ensemble instruments highly valued by the Kalinga are the gangsa (flat gongs), which are played in two styles: gangsa pattung, also known as gangsa palo-ok, and gangsa topayya or tuppayya. It is bounded by the provinces of Cagayan and Apayao in the north, Mt. They also tattoo their forearms and a part of their upper arms. The female Kalinga costume is made of a large rectangular woven material that is about 3-4 feet long and 3-5 feet wide. Philippines: Gaddang textile beading. Bodong holders used to commit the pagta to memory and pass these on orally. Kalinga parents would pay a tattoo artist or Mambabatok to get ornate tattoos decorated on their daughters bodies to make them more beautiful. The ritual depicts the lowest class of demons, said to be the cause of disharmony between the husband and wife. Anima, Nid. Ferns indicates that a woman is ready to conceive, enhances their health, and protects against stillbirth. Indigenous weaving patterns and textiles have become popular: formal wear, hand bags, shoes, and even ready-to-wear-pieces feature jaw-dropping Philippine textiles and embroidery. Many economic activities of the Kalinga are tied with cooperatives. When they are done, another round of wine drinking would start with another palpaliwat with a different pair, and so on. Rizal and Tabuk, with their flatlands, are the biggest rice producers. The Kalinga weavers, particularly in the upper Kalinga area, put textures on the striped bands using twill-weave technique. Gongs and Bamboo: A Panorama of Philippine Music Instruments. ), Kalinga farmers carrying rice harvest (SIL International), Kalinga girl with a stack of water pots on her head (American Historical Collection), Saking, a Kalinga warrior chief (National Geographic, 1912, Mario Feir Filipiniana Library), Kalinga Social Organization, Culture and Customs, Modern Kalinga wedding in Balatoc, 2012 (Milo A. Paz), Religious Beliefs and Practices of the Kalinga People, Burial ceremony for an upper-class Kalinga girl (Mario Feir Filipiniana Library), A house on posts whose space underneath has been enclosed by logs, Lubuagan, Kalinga (National Geographic, 1913, Mario Feir Filipiniana Library), Kalinga weaver using traditional loom (SIL International), Kalinga Traditional Costume & Tattoo Culture, Famous Kalinga tattoo artist Whang Od, 2014 (Fred Wissink), Kalinga grain container (CCP Collections), Kabunyan hunting with his two dogs (Illustration by Luis Chua), Banna and Laggunawa (Illustration by Luis Chua), Kalinga musical instruments, from top: tungali, bungkaka, olimong, and patangug (Photos by Cesar Hernando, CCP/Lucrecia R. Kasilag Collection), Kalinga men dancing with gangsa (A Philippine Album, American Era Photographs 1900-1930 by Jonathan Best. Hablon, taken from the Hiligaynon word "Habol," meaning "to weave," refers to both the process of making the fabric and the end product. Sharp-crested interlinking mountain peaks, steep slopes, isolated . The slaying of Macli-ing Dulag further united the northern peoples. But Laggunawa, preferring Banna, tries to break the betrothal with Dungdungan by asking both warriors to go on a headhunting expedition in Bibbila, a hostile village. Monpaot Cordillera Functional Sculpture. This turned out to be their sign of bravado. Strictly, Kalinga stretched no farther south than the Godavari River, thus excluding Vengi (the territory between that river and the Krishna River). Above this cooking area is a drying and smoking rack. Best Answer. Spanish influence was greater on the people of northern Kalinga than southern Kalinga. Ceres P. Doyo. A palpaliwat (poetic joust) is performed by the last pair to drink from their respective bowls. Banna wins Laggunawas hand. Fruit trees such as the coconut, coffee and banana are grown in the orchard or kakkaju. [6], Kalinga men wear ba-ag (loincloths) while the women wear saya (colourful garment covering the waist down to the feet). Heres to hoping that these traditions live on for generations to come. The southern Kalinga differ in traditional wear from their northern counterparts. Kalinga textile products among world's best. The two prongs at the bottom are the legs, the middle section is the torso, and the top three prongs are the raised arms flanking the neck and head. "Local Legends" visits the laid-back town of Tiaong, Quezon to undercover the secrets of one country's living treasures, master ceramic potter Augusto "Ugu" . ( Lubting was a beautiful maiden with a heavenly voice who started uttering ullalim-like melodies almost as soon as she was born. In Kalinga, American rule was firmly established through Lieutenant Governor Walter F. Hale, 1908-1915, remembered by the Kalinga as Sapao. Although his dictatorial style was disliked by many, he was credited for having pacified the Kalinga. Makati: The Bookmark, Inc. Legarda, Maribel. Kalinga men and women have varying reasons for getting their tattoos. Both male and female flap their arms, simulating the movements of a rooster and a hen, respectively. The ullalim is also a romantic tale in which the hero fights for the maiden of his choice. Rice bundles symbolize abundance. The supreme being of the Kalinga is Kabunyan, who is said to have once lived with them. One womans presentation of her dekot might consist of lines improvised for the occasion, though chanted in the ullalim form, for example (Stallsmith 2007): The galigad, which is the reason for the festivities, is followed by the dancing of five young women, improvised to the accompaniment of the baladong (flute) and the kullitong, each played by a young man. Jamias, Juan F (1975) Readings in Development Communication. In sum, the beauty of a ceramic pot, according to Dalupa potters, has the following features: a rim that is visibly turned outward; a long, graceful neck; coloring that is evenly spread; and a symmetrical shape and design. The escalation of military operations in the area became a national and international issue, especially after Butbut tribal chief Macli-ing Dulag was killed on 24 April 1980 by soldiers under the command of Lieutenant Leodegario Adalem of the 44th Infantry Battalion. The same kind of pouch hangs from the neck or is tucked at a strip of cloth at their waist. Another part of the celebration is the tumangad, in which two large bowls of wine are passed around for the male participants of the bodong. NCCP-PACT. On 13 to 14 February 1982, another bodong was held involving leaders of four provinces: Mountain Province, Kalinga-Apayao, Abra, and Ilocos Sur. The exhibition is an initiative of DOT-CAR as part of the Ibagiw Festival, a celebration of Baguio City's UNESCO Creative City Designation. During illness, the mangalisig (medium and healer in the south) or mandadawak/mang-anito (in the north) appease the spirits of the dead or malevolent entities through animal sacrifices. The books and a companion weaving workbook, "Agabel Tayo" (Let Us Weave), provide glimpses of the culture and history behind Cordillera textiles, which are passed down to new generations, July . Sandugo. The MBCC has been successful in resolving issues involving Kalinga and non-Kalinga residents in Tabuk through the bodong system. Protestants (specifically belonging to the National Council of Churches in the Philippines) come second, with 19,615 members (9.7%); and Evangelicals (from the Philippine Council of Evangelical Churches), third, with 14,588 members (7.3%). Sayod suchon ju cha-ami nu ugwami na luta, ad asi aju mai-mis. Concrete tombs containing several deceased family members are common. The beads There are two local radio stations in Kalinga. Kalinga and Apayao are the result of the 1995 . The ceremony is led by the mangdon si bodong (treaty holders). Dagmay is a handwoven textile made from abaca. The Kalinga served as guerrilla warriors and provided refuge for the Americans. Want this question answered? http://cpcabrisbane.org/Kasama/1996/V10n2/Innabuyog.htm. Gisi, the traditional tattoo instrument, is made from buffalo horn, with gambang or steel needles on the tip. A specific example of the bodong as performance art is the three-day celebration that was held in April 2005 between the Kalinga Mangali culture group and the Kalinga Sumadel. Manila: NSO. What is the meaning of color black in Kalinga textile? The people discovered he was Kabunyan who had come down to earth. Other notable traditions are the ngilin (avoiding the evil water spirit) and the kontad or kontid (ritual performed to the child to avoid harms in the future). The women wear earrings similar to those of the men. Inside wealthy Kalinga houses are shelves or racks where heirloom pieces such as Chinese plates and jars are displayed. Kalinga is both a tribal community and a landlocked province in the heart of the Cordillera region in northern Luzon, the Philippines. Toward midnight, the host treats everyone to a grander meal of carabao beef before they retire for the night. Interview by Scott Saboy, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga, 15 February. Among the Cordillera groups, the Kalinga can claim a sizeable ancestral domain, mainly because of the bodong. Kalinga is regarded as the best producer of F1 rice, and its unoy variety is consumed widely both in the country and abroad. Spanish attempts to subjugate and control the mountain peoples had the following objectives: to exploit the rich gold deposits of northern Luzon; to extend or protect conquered territory; to convert the pagans to Christianity; and to discover exotic products. 1989. There has been a long and active trade in locally woven products . The northern Kalinga women wears saya, an ordinary woman's skirt covering the body from waist to feet. Baguio City: Cordillera Studies Group. 2A: Demographic and Housing Characteristics (Non-Sample Variables) - Philippines", "Exploring Kalinga culture, tattoo artistry, tribal traditions", "Ethnic Groups of the Philippines: The Kalinga People", "The Chico River Basin Development Project: A Case Study of National Development Policy", "A silent war is being waged on Philippine indigenous communities", "Where the Chico River Rumbles | Travel Inspirations | Yahoo! 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