When did the Beck-Goerdeler Group first attempt to kill Hitler? [3] From 1936, Goerdeler worked to build an opposition faction out of his circle, comprising mostly civil servants and businessmen. [133] Kluge refused to answer Goerdeler's letter, despite the fact that Goerdeler was all but calling the Field-Marshal a coward for his refusal to join the conspiracy. This search netted most of the conspirators, along with those who were more peripherally connected such as Field Marshal Erwin Rommel. [148] Later in 1944, Goerdeler told Kunrath von Hammerstein, "In those days your father stood at the helm of world history". After his arrest, he gave the names of numerous co-conspirators to the Gestapo, causing the arrests and executions of hundreds or even thousands of others. [44] In October 1937, during a visit to the United States, Goerdeler stayed with the British historian Sir John Wheeler-Bennett at the latter's estate in Virginia and informed him of his desire to restore the monarchy in Germany. [1] As a young man, the deeply religious Goerdeler chose as his motto to live by omnia restaurare in Christo (to restore everything in Christ). He opposed some anti-Jewish policies while he held office and was opposed to the Holocaust . [66] Goerdeler asked Frank Ashton-Gwatkin of the Foreign Office to ensure that Britain gave a post-Nazi government an interest-free loan of 500 million in exchange for which Goerdeler would end protectionism, end the efforts to place the Balkans into the German sphere of influence and support Britain in the Mediterranean against Italy and in the Far East against Japan. Beck was Chief of General Staff and Goerdeler was Commissioner, having remained in office after the government of Heinrich Bruning. In August 1939, Goerdeler contacted General Walter von Brauchitsch and advised him if Germany attacked Poland, the result would not be the limited war that Hitler expected but a world war pitting Germany against Britain and France. [128], In May 1943, Goerdeler submitted a memo to the Wallenbergs, which he asked them to pass on to the Anglo-Americans outlining his thoughts on the GermanPolish border. His [Goerdeler's] recent talks with leading industrialists had satisfied him that the workers' feelings have been bitterly roused to the point where, if they were in possession of arms, they would physically revolt against the regime[59]. Before the war, Goerdeler had implored the British government to pressure Hitler to alleviate his "Jewish policy". The plot failed because someone moved the briefcase that contained the bomb further away from Hitler. [78] Overy charged that Goerdeler wanted a very firm Anglo-French stand in favour of Poland in the hope that if confronted with such a situation, the German Army would overthrow Hitler, rather than risk a world war, and so Goerdeler exaggerated the economic problems of the Reich to encourage such a stand. [29], The British historian Adam Tooze has argued that Goerdeler was following his own agenda in seeking to moderate the regime's domestic policies in his memorandum and that it is highly unlikely that outside powers would have required the concessions on anti-Semitic and other domestic policies that Goerdeler advocated as the price of Western economic support. The second group was Kreisau Circle with Helmuth James von Moltke. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The Nazis and Hitler projected themselves as infallible, omniscient and omnipresent, The nature of opposition, Silent Opposition and more. [126] Those present at the meeting of January 22 were Goerdeler, Hassell, General Beck, Johannes Popitz and Jens Jessens for the conservative faction and von der Schulenburg, Yorck von Wartenburg, Eugen Gerstenmaier, Adam von Trott zu Solz and Helmuth James Graf von Moltke for the left-learning Kreisau Circle. This showed that the group they represented intended to overthrow the existing rulers, who were to be replaced by anti-Nazi members of the army and administration, former trade union leaders and churchmen. [144] Goerdeler decided that Rommel would be the ideal person to play a leading role in a post-Hitler government and asked Strlin to find out if Rommel would be willing to play that role. Beck was Chief of General Staff and Goerdeler was Commissioner, having remained in office after the government of Heinrich Bruning. [96] During a meeting with Hitler on 5 November, Brauchitsch had attempted to talk Hitler into putting off "X-day" by saying that morale in the German Army was worse than what it was in 1918, a statement that enraged Hitler who harshly berated Brauchitsch for incompetence. Goerdeler thus intended to protect, if possible, all German Jews against the loss of their German citizenship; the few who did not fall into one of Goerdeler's categories of "exceptions" could have applied, under the 1913 German citizenship law, for re-instatement. Most of the younger officers in the Army were extreme National Socialists who would not join a. Hitler deserved "a last chance to deliver the German people from the slavery of English capitalism". [12] He served as a member of Hans Frank's Academy for German Law. 1) Support 3: Reasons For The Popularity And The Appeal Of The Nazi Party In 1933, 1) Support 4: The Nature And Size Of Nazi Support, 1) Support 8: Regional Basis Of The Nazi Vote, 1) Support 9: The Size And Membership And Who Joined, 1) Support 10: The Nature And Size Of The Disillusionment With The Party During The Second World War, 2) Opposition 2: Political Opposition 1: Social Democrats, 2) Opposition 3: Communists (Uhrig Group), 2) Opposition 3: Communists (The Red Orchestra), 2) Opposition 3: Communists (The Last Months), 2) Opposition 4: Cultural/Social Opposition, 2) Opposition 4: Cultural/Social Opposition (Edelweiss Pirates), 2) Opposition 4: Cultural/Social Opposition (Swing And Jazz Youth), 2) Opposition 4: Cultural/Social Oppositon: Conclusions, 2) Opposition 5: Moral Opposition: The White Rose (Hans Scholl), 2) Opposition 5: Moral Opposition: The White Rose (Sophie Scholl), 2) Opposition 5: Moral Opposition: The White Rose (Activities), 2) Opposition 6: Religious Opposition 1: Protestants, 2) Opposition 6: Religious Opposition 2: Catholics, 2) Opposition 7: Conservative And Military Resistance, 2) Opposition 7: Conservative And Military Resistance 2: Beck Goerdeler Group, 2) Opposition 8: The 20th July 1944 Bomb Plot. Arthur Nebe was leader of the Kripo (Criminal Police) and had commanded Einsatzgruppe B in the Soviet Union, responsible for the murder of over 45,000 Jews. [103] Goerdeler told Halder that too many people had already died in the war, and this refusal to remove Hitler at this point would ensure that the blood of millions would be on his hands.[103]. [33], During his trip, the statue was demolished on Haake's orders. The key conspirators in the July 20 plot can be divided between civilians and active military (mostly army) officers. [132] The British historian Ian Kershaw commented that Goerdeler's plans to talk Hitler into resigning reflected a certain lack of realism on his part. "[142] However, Goerdeler was heavily criticised by other members of the German resistance (for example by some members the Kreisau Circle) for objecting to killing Hitler (Goerdeler wanted to see Hitler tried and had no objection to him being executed after his conviction), for his sympathy for reintroducing monarchy, and for his extremely anticommunist ideology. ", and "Oho! [14] Several times, he attempted to help Leipzig Jewish businessmen threatened with the "Aryanisation" economic policies of the Nazi regime. Hitler stressed that he was interested in long lasting good relations with Poland and expressed the desire to settle the Danzig/corridor issue. [124] On January 22, 1943, at the home of Peter Yorck von Wartenburg Goerdeler met with the Kreisau Circle during which he argued and debated forcefully about the social and economic policies to be pursued by a post-Nazi government. [94] At the same time, Goerdeler was deeply involved in the planning of an abortive putsch intended to be launched on 5 November 1939, and as such was in very high spirits prior to that day. [61] 1) Support 2: How Organised Was The Nazi Party? G.D.Beck Professional Corp. 1993 - Present29 years. 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW [42], Besides trying to influence foreign governments, Goerdeler attempted to use his reports to the Army leadership to try to influence the Army into considering an anti-Nazi putsch. Beck was Chief of General Staff and Goerdeler was Commissioner, having remained in office after the government of Heinrich Bruning. [114] Mommsen went on to comment that given Goerdeler's background in the fiercely anti-Semitic German National People's Party, what is surprising was not his anti-Jewish prejudices, but rather that he was able to make any sort of moral objection to Nazi anti-Semitism. "[128] Goerdeler went on to write: "How is it possible that so basically decent a people as the Germans can put up for so long with such an intolerable system? [7] Later he resigned from the DNVP because its leader, Alfred Hugenberg, was a committed foe of the Brning government. [3], After his discharge from the German Army, Goerdeler joined the ultraconservative German National People's Party (DNVP). [14] At the same time, Goerdeler remained anti-Semitic. [1] Goerdeler's biographer and friend Gerhard Ritter described his upbringing as one of a large, loving middle-class family that was cultured, devoutly Lutheran, nationalist and conservative. [43] During one of his visits to London, in June 1937, Goerdeler told Sir Robert Vansittart that he would like to see the Nazi regime replaced by a right-wing military dictatorship that would seek British friendship, and Goerdeler wanted, in exchange, British support for annexing parts of Poland and Czechoslovakia. [48] As Gerhard Weinberg observed, Goerdeler's contradictory statements left the British somewhat confused. Right-wing television and radio host Glenn Beck warned his audience yesterday that Christianity is being replaced by secularism in the United States and that it is a clear indication the U.S. is headed toward a path reminiscent of Nazi Germany. In 1941, he proposed for the League of Nations to found a Jewish state that would extend Jewish citizenship to all Jews in the world. [27][28] Goerdeler began his report by rejecting the policies of Schacht's New Plan of 1934 as untenable. By contacting the British. [18] In response, the Landesverband Mitteldeutschland des Centralvereins deutscher Staatsbrger jdischen Glaubens e. V (Middle German Regional Association of the Central Association of German Citizens of Jewish Faith) complained to Goerdeler about Haake's actions and asked him to enforce the existing anti-Semitic laws, which allowed at least some Jewish doctors to practiced. Indeed, a number of the conspirators were themselves implicated in both war crimes and the Holocaust. [166] Under Gestapo interrogation, Goerdeler claimed that the Holocaust was the major reason for his seeking to overthrow the Nazi regime. [115] In May 1942, Goerdeler was much saddened when his son Christian was killed in action while serving on the Eastern Front. [148] On May 27, 1944, Goerdeler attended a secret meeting with Strlin, the former Foreign Minister Baron Konstantin von Neurath and General Hans Speidel (who was representing Rommel) at Speidel's flat in Freudenstadt. When was the July Bomb plot? [11], As late as 1935, Goerdeler considered Adolf Hitler an "enlightened dictator", who, with the proper advice, would be a force for good. Who was behind the July Bomb Plot? Instead, in the autumn of 1936, the Nazi regime launched the Four Year Plan as a way out of the 1936 economic crisis. [93] Under Goerdeler's terms, Germany would retain all the areas of Poland that had been part of Germany prior to 1918, Austria and the Sudetenland with independence being restored to Poland and Czechoslovakia with general disarmament, the restoration of global free trade and the ending of protectionism as the other major goals for the new regime. [139] Goerdeler who had been the unofficial leader of the German opposition since 1937, resented the efforts of Stauffenberg, who he regarded as a dangerous "romantic socialist", to take over the conspiracy. Explore a timeline of events that occurred before, during, and after the Holocaust. [139], Despite his differences with Stauffenberg, Goerdeler appreciated Stauffenberg for solving a problem that had bedevilled him since 1938. The founders of the Beck-Goerdeler group, Ludwig Beck and Carl Goerdeler, had both held positions in Hitler's governmental office. [27] Making a U-turn from his stance of 1934, Goerdeler now embraced devaluation of the Reichsmark as the best solution to the economic crisis. [137] After five years of trying, the only senior officers Goerdeler had recruited were Field Marshal Erwin von Witzleben, whom Hitler had forced into retirement in early 1942 and General Ludwig Beck who had resigned in 1938. [3] In June 1919, Goerdeler submitted a memorandum to his superior, General Otto von Below, calling for the destruction of Poland as the only way to prevent territorial losses on Germany's eastern borders. [105] In June 1941, Goerdeler experienced a brief surge of hope that he learned that Hitler had issued a set of orders to the Army for the upcoming Operation Barbarossa that violated international law and made it clear that he wanted the war against the Soviet Union to be waged in the most inhumane, brutal way possible. When was there very little opportunity to win support within the Wehrmacht? Goerdeler recommended that Young inform London that as soon as "the new persecution of the Jews is started, it is absolutely essential to break diplomatic relations". Tresckow, too, appeared to be deeply dismayed by the Nazis antisemitic policies and privately described Kristallnacht as an act of barbarism. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler, for example, had been the mayor of Leipzig from 1930 to 1937, but resigned his position in opposition to Nazi policy. He wrote to Hitler that continued Polish possession of territories in Gdask Pomerania and Greater Poland was "thorn in country's economic flesh and honour" and that "the German people must fight for security of their existence". [99] Halder gave Goerdeler the following reasons why he wanted nothing to do with any plot to overthrow Hitler: Despite all of Goerdeler's best efforts, Halder would not change his mind. What did Goerdeler become increasingly disillusioned by? It involved a number of both civilian and military officials. In 1919, before the exact boundaries of the Polish-German border were determined, he suggested restoring West Prussia to Germany. [25], Goerdeler warned that to continue the present course of increasing statism in the economy and the current levels of high military spending would result in the total collapse of the economy with an extremely drastic drop in living standards. [20], In November 1934, Goerdeler was again appointed Reich Price Commissioner, and ordered to combat inflation caused by rearmament. When were the other two attempts made by the Beck-Goerdeler group? Who was the leading conservative and military resistance group led by? [18], On 9 April 1935, the Deputy Mayor of Leipzig, the National Socialist Rudolf Haake, in defiance of the existing laws, banned all Jewish doctors from participating in public health insurance and advised all municipal employees not to consult Jewish doctors. 20th July 1944. [103] Halder told Goerdeler that "The military situation of Germany, particularly on account of the pact of non-aggression with the Soviet Union is such that a breach of my oath to the Fhrer could not possibly be justified" [Halder was referring to the Hitler oath], that only if Germany was faced with total defeat would he consider breaking his oath, and that Goerdeler was a fool to believe that the Second World War could be ended with a compromise peace. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Eidelweiss Pirates, How many were arrested and then executed in Cologne in 1944?, The White Rose movement based in and more. [84] Goerdeler advised Brauchitsch that the only way to save Germany from such a war would be a putsch to depose Hitler. Later in 1932, Goerdeler refused an offer to serve in Papen's cabinet. [3] Bosch, a friend, agreed to turn a blind eye to his anti-Nazi work. Once Hitler died in the explosion, the military would claim the assassination had been part of an attempted coup by the Nazi Party and would then implement Operation Valkyrie. As a leading civilian anti-Hitler conspiracy leader, Goerdeler worked tirelessly to bring about the pre-condition for his proposals' implementation: the overthrow of the Nazi government. Other key figure in the conservative resistance against Hitler was Carl Friedrich Goerdeler, a German nationalist, mayor of Leipzig from 1930 to 1937. The motivations of the conspirators were likely varied and remain contested to this day. Despite his strong hostile feelings towards Poland, Goerdeler played a key role during the 1920 PolishSoviet War in breaking a strike by Danzig dockers, who wished to shut down Poland's economy by closing its principal port. 2) Opposition 7: Conservative and Military Resistance 2: Beck-Goerdeler Group Flashcards by Em R | Brainscape Brainscape Find Flashcards [87] Goerdeler was convinced that the postponement was a fatal blow to Hitler's prestige. [38], Using the "cover" of his job as chief of overseas sales at Bosch, between 1937 and 1938, Goerdeler often travelled abroad, mostly to France, the United Kingdom, the United States, the Balkans, the Middle East and Canada, to warn anyone who would listen about what he considered to be the aggressive and dangerous foreign policy of Nazi Germany. [50], Vansittart introduced Goerdeler to one of his spies, the British industrialist A.P. [29] Goerdeler wrote, "I can well imagine that we will have to bring certain issues into a greater degree of alignment with the imponderable attitudes of other peoples, not in substance, but in the manner of dealing with them". 2) Opposition 7: Conservative and Military Resistance 2: Beck-Goerdeler Group. It detonated, but failed to kill Hitler. [25] After Hitler ignored Goerdeler's report, Goerdeler asked Hitler to dissolve the Reich Commissariat for Price Surveillance since there was nothing for that office to do. I want to discuss what would have been the attitude of the Allies towards a new german government after a coup d'etat against the Nazi regime at the end of 1943. [10]), The fall of Brning led to Goerdeler's resignation as Price Commissioner. Rommels name arose in interrogations but it was likely he was not directly involved. [8], In the early 1930s, Goerdeler became a leading advocate of the viewpoint that the Weimar Republic had failed, as shown by the Great Depression, and that a conservative revolution was needed to replace democracy. In the tense atmosphere of September 1938, with the crisis in Central Europe looking likely to explode into war at any moment, Goerdeler was waiting anxiously for the putsch to overthrow the Nazi regime, and his taking over the reins of the German state as the new Chancellor. [94] The proposed putsch became stillborn when Field Marshal Walter von Brauchitsch and General Franz Halder, the leaders of the planned putsch got cold feet, and dropped their support. While Goerdeler was on death row, he wrote a letter that called the Holocaust the very worst of Nazi crimes. [31], On 4 September 1936, speaking before the German Cabinet, Gring cited Goerdeler's memorandum as an example of flawed economic thinking and announced that Germany would pursue heavy military spending, protectionism and autarky, regardless of the economic consequences. "[30] When Gring forwarded a copy of Goerdeler's memorandum to Hitler, his covering letter stated: This may be quite important, my Fhrer, for your memorandum, since it reveals the complete confusion and incomprehension of our bourgeois businessmen, limitation of armaments, defeatism, incomprehension of the foreign policy situation alternate. [116], In November 1942, Goerdeler made a secret and illegal visit to Smolensk using forged papers provided by Colonel Hans Oster to meet Field Marshal Gnther von Kluge and Henning von Tresckow to gain their support for overthrowing Hitler. Finally, "one does not rebel when face to face with the enemy". [145] As Rommel was fully engaged in preparations to resist the expected Allied landing in France all through the spring of 1944, it proved difficult for Strlin to make contact again. [159] In the days preceding the putsch attempt of 20 July 1944, Goerdeler stayed at the home of General Beck in the Berlin suburb of Lichterfelde. [40] The German historian Klaus-Jrgen Mller[de] observed that Goerdeler, in his contacts abroad, tended to falsely portray himself as leading a movement that was more organised than it really was. When did the number of army officers in the Beck-Goerdeler group increase? [122] The Israeli historian Saul Friedlnder used the "Proposals" to argue that Goerdeler was anti-Semitic, and that his differences with the Nazis on the "Jewish Question" were ones of degree, not kind. [103] Halder ended his meeting with Goerdeler on 6 April 1940 with the remark: Britain and France had declared war on us, and one had to see it through. [160] On 17 July 1944, a warrant for Goerdeler's arrest was issued, causing him to go into hiding. During the winter of 193839, Goerdeler sent reports to the British that stated that Hitler was pressuring Italy into attacking France, planning to launch a surprise air offensive against Britain to achieve a "knock-out blow" by razing British cities to the ground sometime in the second half of February 1939, and considering an invasion of Switzerland and the Low Countries before an attack on France and Britain. [140] Goerdeler was pleased that at long last, the means for a putsch, without the senior officers who were plainly not willing to break with the regime, had been devised by Stauffenberg, but his uneasy relations with Stauffenberg were described by the German historian Hans Mommsen as one of mutual "misunderstandings". [10] Hindenburg rejected Goerdeler because of his former membership of the DNVP. The civilians were mainly individuals who had resigned from the Nazi regime in the 1930s. [108] The Crown Prince Wilhelm was rejected by Goerdeler partly because his well deserved reputation as a womaniser, a heavy drinker and an irresponsible playboy made him offensive to the austere, God-fearing Lutheran Goerdeler and partly because of his outspoken support for the Nazi regime. No war will ever be needed against either England or France[64], In November 1938, when Sir Nevile Henderson, the British Ambassador to Germany went on sick leave, the acting heads of the Embassy in Berlin sent a series of reports to the Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax intended to effect a change in British policy towards Germany. [148] At the meeting, Speidel speaking on behalf of Rommel made clear that his chief wanted nothing to do with any attempt to assassinate Hitler, but was prepared to serve in a government headed by Goerdeler. "[68], Despite what Goerdeler perceived as a major setback after Munich, he continued with his efforts to bring about the downfall of the Nazi regime. Public foreign-policy disagreements with Hitler made Beck resign as Chief of Staff in August 1938. His interest in mobile warfare soon won Hitler . [33] Before leaving, Goerdeler met with Adolf Hitler and the Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels and received their promise that nothing would happen to the statue during his trip. [47], In April 1938, Goerdeler visited London, where he advised the British government both to resist the Nazi claim to the Sudetenland area of Czechoslovakia and to declare that he wanted to see the area transferred to Germany as soon as possible. [23] Despite the great fanfare that greeted Goerdeler's appointment, he was given little real power. [12] By 1934 he clashed with Hitler over his foreign policy, as Germany signed a nonaggression treaty with Poland to which Goerdeler was opposed and demanded annexation of Polish territories. as a hard-working and outstanding municipal politician. [63] After Munich, Goerdeler told Young that: It is vitally important to realise that Hitler is deeply and definitely convinced that after his unexpected victory at Munich, anything is possible to himHe says that he [Hitler] is now convinced that England is degenerate, weak, timid and never will have the guts to resist any of his plans. In 1946, she was found guilty of crimes against humanity and sentenced to 15 years in prison, which was reduced to 6 years on appeal. That Hitler was a great leader, and there was nobody to replace him. The opposition to those crimes was common to all the members of the Beck-Goerdeler group (see, for example, the Hassell diaries). [46] Goerdeler attempted to use the Fritsch crisis to try to turn the Army leadership against the Nazi regime, but his efforts were in vain. [1][3] From 1911 he worked as a civil servant for the municipal government of Solingen in the Prussian Rhine Province. Stauffenberg solved that problem by devising Operation Valkyrie, a plan that ostensibly was meant to crush a slave labour uprising but really was the cover for a putsch that could be activated by officers of less than senior rank. What were some similarities between racism in Nazi Germany and in the United States, 1920s-1940s? [45], During the BlombergFritsch Affair and the attendant crisis caused by the court-martial of General Werner von Fritsch, Goerdeler became closely associated with several loose groupings of German rightists in the Civil Service and the military who, for various reasons, were unhappy with aspects of the Third Reich. Worked on Automation/BOT Projects to help with . [140], Unlike the Kreisau Circle, Goerdeler was a strong champion of laissez-faire capitalism, and was very much opposed to what he saw as the socialism of the Kreisau Circle. [13] On 1 April 1933, the day of the national boycott declared against all Jewish businesses in the Reich, Goerdeler appeared in full uniform of the Oberbrgermeister of Leipzig to order the SA not to enforce the boycott and ordered the Leipzig police to free several Jews taken hostage by the SA. [165] His brother, Fritz, was also sentenced to death and executed on 1 March 1945. [72] Canaris and Oster achieved their purpose as Goerdeler's disinformation resulted in first the "Dutch War Scare", which gripped the British government in late January 1939 and led to the public declarations by British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain in February that any German attack upon France, Switzerland and the Low Countries would be automatically considered the casus belli for an Anglo-German war and would lead to the British "continental commitment" to defend France with a large ground force. [129] The "European confederation" was to be one economic unit with one military ruled over by a Council consisting of two representatives from every state, who would elect a European President for a four-year term. Managed Treasury Department for the production side of the business. [26] Supporting the "free-market" faction were some of Germany's leading business executives, most notably Hermann Duecher of AEG, Robert Bosch of Robert Bosch GmbH and Albert Voegeler of Vereinigte Stahlwerke AG. [51] The German historian Hans Mommsen wrote that Goerdeler's anti-Semitism was typical of the German right in which Jews were widely considered to be part of an alien body living in Germany. TTY: 202.488.0406, The Nazi Persecution of Black People in Germany, The Nazi Olympics Berlin 1936: African American Voices and "Jim Crow" America. [120], In December 1942, the "Freiburg Circle" who were continuing their work helping Goerdeler develop a constitution submitted the "Great Memorandum" to Goerdeler for the proposed post-Nazi German government, which also included "Proposals for a Solution of the Jewish Question in Germany". [114], He was finally executed by hanging on 2 February 1945 at Pltzensee Prison in Berlin with two other men: Johannes Popitz and Alfred Delp. He opposed some anti-Jewish policies while he held office and was opposed to the Holocaust. The motivations of the individual plotters are still a matter of debate. [27] In his memorandum for Gring, Goerdeler wrote of the "grandiose possibility" that a German reengagement with the world economy and the end of protectionism and autarchism would lead to a new age of economic co-operation among the world's largest economies. [117] Kluge's change of mind about attempting to overthrow Hitler was related to the "gifts" he had received from Hitler in the fall of 1942. [5], In 1922, Goerdeler was elected as mayor (Brgermeister) of Knigsberg (now Kaliningrad, Russia) in East Prussia and later, on 22 May 1930, as mayor of Leipzig. The Beck-Goerdeler group. Some historians such as Christof Dipper and Martin Broszat have argued that Goerdeler agreed with the antisemitic policy of the regime until 1938, though afterwards he did resist the Holocaust and other forms of mass murder. 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